Your dog is in pain, and they're hiding it from you.
Dogs don't complain. They just quietly adjust their behaviour until one day you realise they're not the same dog anymore.
That's arthritis.
Here's everything you need to know about recognising, treating, and managing osteoarthritis in dogs.
What is Dog Arthritis?
Osteoarthritis (also called degenerative joint disease) is the progressive breakdown of cartilage in joints.
In a healthy joint:
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Smooth cartilage covers bone ends
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Synovial fluid lubricates the joint
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Movement is pain-free
In an arthritic joint:
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Cartilage erodes
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Bone rubs on bone
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Inflammation increases
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New bone forms (bone spurs)
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Movement becomes painful
It's a vicious cycle: Pain → less movement → muscle weakness → more stress on joints → more pain.
How Common is Arthritis in Dogs?
Extremely common.
UK statistics:
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20% of dogs over 1 year old have osteoarthritis
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80% of dogs over 8 years old show radiographic signs of arthritis (even if not showing symptoms)
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35% of all dogs seen by UK vets have osteoarthritis
That's roughly 2.5 million dogs in the UK living with arthritis.
Breeds most affected:
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Labrador Retrievers (due to hip dysplasia)
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German Shepherds (hip and elbow dysplasia)
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Golden Retrievers (hip dysplasia)
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Rottweilers (hip and elbow dysplasia)
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Bulldogs (joint malformation)
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Springer Spaniels (hip dysplasia)
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Border Collies (overuse injuries)
But any dog can develop arthritis, regardless of breed.
The 12 Signs Your Dog Has Arthritis
Dogs hide pain instinctively. You need to watch for subtle behavioral changes.
Early signs (often missed):
1. Slowing down on walks
They're not keeping up like they used to. They lag behind or want to turn back earlier.
2. Stiffness after rest
Takes a few steps to "loosen up" after lying down. More noticeable first thing in the morning.
3. Reluctance to jump
Used to leap onto the sofa or into the car. Now they hesitate or avoid it entirely.
4. Difficulty with stairs
Pauses at the bottom. Takes stairs more slowly or one at a time.
5. Reduced play
Doesn't chase balls as enthusiastically. Play sessions are shorter.
6. Changes in posture
Sits with legs out to the side instead of tucked under. Stands with weight shifted forward (taking pressure off back legs).
7. Licking or chewing joints
Excessive licking of paws, elbows, or hips. This is their way of self-soothing pain.
Later signs (more obvious):
8. Visible limping
Favours one leg. Limping is worse after exercise or in cold/damp weather.
9. Muscle atrophy
Hind leg muscles look thinner compared to front legs.
10. Difficulty standing up or lying down
Takes multiple attempts. Might circle several times before settling.
11. Behavioral changes
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Less social with other dogs
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Irritable when touched in certain areas
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Reluctant to be petted or groomed
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Sleeping more
12. Reduced appetite
Pain affects interest in food. Weight loss follows.
If your dog shows 3 or more of these signs, book a vet appointment.
What Causes Arthritis in Dogs?
Arthritis is almost always secondary to something else.
1. Hip or Elbow Dysplasia (Most Common Cause)
Malformed joints lead to abnormal wear and tear. Cartilage breaks down faster than it can repair.
Breeds most affected:
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German Shepherds
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Labradors
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Golden Retrievers
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Rottweilers
2. Previous Injury
Cruciate ligament rupture, fractures, or joint trauma cause long-term joint instability and arthritis.
Even if the injury healed, arthritis develops years later.
3. Obesity
Every extra kilogram puts 4kg of pressure on joints.
Overweight dogs develop arthritis 2-3 years earlier than lean dogs of the same breed.
4. Age-Related Wear and Tear
Cartilage naturally degenerates with age. Collagen production declines by 1-2% per year after age 5.
The cumulative effect: Decades of walking, running, and playing wear down joints.
5. Joint Infection (Septic Arthritis)
Bacterial or fungal infections in joints cause rapid cartilage destruction.
Rare but serious. Requires immediate veterinary treatment.
6. Immune-Mediated Disease (Rheumatoid Arthritis)
The immune system attacks joint tissue.
Very rare in dogs (less than 1% of arthritis cases).
How Vets Diagnose Arthritis
1. Physical examination:
Your vet will:
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Watch your dog walk and stand
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Manipulate each joint (checking for pain, reduced range of motion, crepitus)
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Palpate for swelling or heat
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Assess muscle mass
2. X-rays (definitive diagnosis):
X-rays show:
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Joint space narrowing (cartilage loss)
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Bone spurs (osteophytes)
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Sclerosis (abnormal bone density)
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Joint effusion (fluid buildup)
Sedation or anesthesia may be needed for proper positioning and clear images.
3. Joint fluid analysis (if needed):
If infection or immune disease is suspected, fluid is drawn from the joint and analysed.
Treatment Options: What Actually Works
There is no cure for arthritis. But you can significantly slow progression and keep your dog comfortable.
1. Weight Management (Most Important)
If your dog is overweight, this is your #1 priority.
Studies show: Dogs who lost just 6% of body weight experienced 20% reduction in lameness.
How to tell if overweight:
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Can't easily feel ribs with light pressure
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No visible waist when viewed from above
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Belly sags or waddles when walking
Weight loss strategy:
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Reduce food by 10-15%
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Switch to weight management formula if needed
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Increase gentle activity (swimming is best)
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No table scraps or high-calorie treats
Every 1kg lost = 4kg less pressure on joints.
2. Joint Supplements (Proven to Work)
What the evidence shows:
Hydrolysed collagen peptides (2,000-6,000mg daily):
Provides amino acids for cartilage repair. Studies show collagen peptides are absorbed intact and accumulate in cartilage tissue, stimulating new collagen production.
Results: Significant improvement in mobility after 8-12 weeks of daily use.
Our recommendation:
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For prevention or mild arthritis: Pure Collagen - 6,000mg pure hydrolysed collagen per serving
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For moderate to severe arthritis: Mobility & Joints - Combines 2,500mg collagen with glucosamine, hyaluronic acid, and anti-inflammatory vitamins
Glucosamine (1,000-1,500mg daily):
Supports cartilage integrity. Slows breakdown of existing cartilage.
Meta-analysis of 16 studies: Glucosamine significantly reduced pain scores and improved function in dogs with osteoarthritis.
Most effective when combined with collagen.
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA - 1,000-2,000mg daily):
Powerful anti-inflammatory. Reduces joint inflammation and pain.
Study results: Dogs given omega-3 supplements showed 22% improvement in weight-bearing and 40% reduction in NSAID use.
Must be from fish oil (not plant-based omega-3s). Look for high EPA content.
Hyaluronic acid (50-100mg daily):
Lubricates joints. Reduces friction during movement.
Green-lipped mussel extract:
Contains omega-3s plus glycosaminoglycans. Some studies show benefit, others are inconclusive.
Worth trying, but not as well-proven as collagen and glucosamine.
3. Pain Medication
When supplements alone aren't enough:
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatories) - First line:
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Metacam (meloxicam): Most commonly prescribed
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Rimadyl (carprofen)
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Previcox (firocoxib)
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Onsior (robenacoxib)
How they work: Reduce inflammation and pain by blocking COX enzymes.
Important:
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Require blood tests every 6 months (monitor liver and kidney function)
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Never combine with steroids or other NSAIDs
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Give with food to reduce stomach upset
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Never give human NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen are toxic to dogs)
Other pain medications:
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Gabapentin: For nerve pain
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Tramadol: For moderate to severe pain
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Amantadine: For chronic pain (often combined with NSAIDs)
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Adequan injections: Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that helps protect cartilage
The goal: Use the lowest effective dose. Many dogs can reduce or eliminate medication once supplements and weight are optimized.
4. Appropriate Exercise
Exercise is crucial, but type matters.
Good for arthritic dogs:
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Short walks (15-20 minutes, 2-3 times daily)
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Swimming or hydrotherapy (zero impact on joints, builds muscle)
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Gentle play at their pace
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Slow-paced sniff walks on soft surfaces (grass, sand)
Bad for arthritic dogs:
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Long hikes (over 30 minutes)
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Running on concrete
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Jumping (for balls, over obstacles)
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Playing with young, energetic dogs (they'll overdo it)
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Sudden bursts of activity after rest
The rule: Little and often. Consistent gentle activity is better than weekend warrior syndrome.
Winter tip: Arthritis is worse in cold and damp. Shorter walks in winter. Consider a dog coat for warmth.
5. Physiotherapy & Hydrotherapy
Physiotherapy:
A qualified canine physiotherapist can:
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Teach you exercises to do at home
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Improve muscle tone around joints (stabilizes them)
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Maintain range of motion
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Reduce pain through massage and stretching
Cost: £40-60 per session. Usually 4-6 sessions initially, then exercises at home.
Hydrotherapy:
Underwater treadmill or swimming in heated pool.
Benefits:
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Builds muscle without stressing joints
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Water buoyancy reduces pain
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Improves fitness without impact
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Most dogs love it
Cost: £30-50 per session. Usually see results after 6-8 sessions.
Studies show: Dogs doing regular hydrotherapy have 30% better mobility scores than those who don't.
6. Home Modifications
Make daily life easier:
Flooring:
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Non-slip mats on hard floors (£10-20)
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Yoga mats work well
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Carpet runners on slippery surfaces
Bedding:
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Orthopaedic bed with memory foam (£40-100)
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Raised slightly off cold floor
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Large enough to stretch out fully
Ramps:
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For car access (£50-80)
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For sofa or bed if they still want to get up
Raised food and water bowls:
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Reduces strain on neck and shoulders (£15-30)
Support harness:
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Helps with standing and walking
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Rear-end support works best for hip arthritis (£20-40)
Block off stairs:
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Baby gates prevent falls
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Carry small dogs, help large dogs
Total investment: £130-270 makes a massive difference to quality of life.
7. Alternative Therapies
Some work, some don't.
Evidence-based:
Acupuncture: Some dogs respond well for pain relief. Studies show mixed results, but anecdotally helpful for many dogs.
Cost: £40-70 per session
Laser therapy (low-level laser therapy/LLLT): Reduces inflammation. Available at some vet practices.
Cost: £30-50 per session
Massage: Gentle massage increases blood flow and reduces muscle tension.
You can do this at home (gentle circular motions around affected joints, 5-10 minutes daily).
No evidence:
Magnetic collars: No scientific support
Copper bowls: Placebo at best
Homeopathy: Ineffective for arthritis pain
Surgical Options (For Severe Cases)
When to consider surgery:
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Severe pain that doesn't respond to medication
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Complete loss of function
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Young dog (under 8) with traumatic injury
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Quality of life severely impacted
Common procedures:
Total hip replacement:
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Cost: £5,000-8,000
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Success rate: 90-95%
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Recovery: 8-12 weeks
Femoral head ostectomy (FHO):
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Cost: £1,500-3,000
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Best for dogs under 25kg
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Good pain relief but not 100% normal function
Arthroscopy (for elbow or knee):
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Cost: £1,500-3,000
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Removes bone chips, smooths cartilage
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Good for early-stage disease
The Complete Arthritis Management Protocol
Daily:
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Joint supplement (Pure Collagen or Mobility & Joints) with breakfast
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Omega-3 fish oil with dinner
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Pain medication if prescribed
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2-3 short walks (15-20 minutes each)
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Gentle stretching or massage (5 minutes)
Weekly:
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Weight check (adjust food if gaining)
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Swimming or hydrotherapy if possible
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Nail trim (long nails affect gait)
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Mobility assessment (getting better or worse?)
Monthly:
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Review exercise routine
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Check home modifications are working
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Assess pain control (is medication enough?)
Every 3 months:
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Vet check-up
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Blood work if on NSAIDs
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X-rays every 12-24 months to monitor progression
What Results to Expect
With proper management (supplements + weight control + exercise + medication if needed):
Week 2-4:
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Slight improvement in stiffness
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Better mood
Week 4-8:
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Noticeable improvement in mobility
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Easier getting up and down
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More enthusiasm for walks
Week 8-12:
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Sustained improvement
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Playing more
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Acting "younger"
Long-term (6+ months):
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Slower arthritis progression
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Maintained quality of life
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Reduced need for pain medication (many dogs reduce or eliminate NSAIDs)
Realistic expectations: Arthritis can't be reversed, but progression can be dramatically slowed. Most dogs can remain comfortable and active for years.
The Biggest Mistakes Owners Make
1. Waiting too long
By the time limping is obvious, significant cartilage damage has occurred. Start supplementation at first signs of stiffness.
2. Stopping supplements when improvement happens
Supplements are maintenance, not a cure. If you stop, symptoms return within weeks.
3. Letting them get overweight
Obesity is the single biggest controllable factor in arthritis progression. There is no excuse.
4. Over-exercising on good days
Your dog will push through pain on sunny days. You need to manage their activity, not let them decide.
5. Using only pain medication without supplements
Pain meds mask symptoms. Supplements support joint repair. You need both.
6. Giving up too soon
Supplements take 4-8 weeks to show results. Don't quit after 2 weeks.
Your Dog Can Still Live Well
Arthritis doesn't mean your dog's active life is over.
With the right combination of supplements, weight management, exercise, and pain relief, most arthritic dogs remain comfortable and mobile well into their senior years.
Start today:
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Assess their current mobility (use the 12 signs checklist)
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Start a proven joint supplement
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Check their weight and create a reduction plan if needed
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Make home modifications
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Book a vet check-up if you haven't in 6 months
Your dog gave you their best years. Now it's time to give them theirs.
Sources & Further Reading
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Canine Arthritis Management UK: https://caninearthritis.co.uk/
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PDSA Animal Wellbeing Report 2023: https://www.pdsa.org.uk/paw-report
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British Veterinary Association Hip Dysplasia Scheme: https://www.bva.co.uk/canine-health-schemes/hip-scheme/
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Marshall WG, et al. "Effect of weight loss on lameness." Veterinary Research Communications, 2010
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German AJ. "Obesity in dogs and cats." Journal of Nutrition, 2006
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Bello AE, Oesser S. "Collagen hydrolysate for osteoarthritis." Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2006
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Clegg DO, et al. "Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate for osteoarthritis." NEJM, 2006
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Roush JK, et al. "Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on weight bearing." JAVMA, 2010
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RCVS Knowledge - Pain Management: https://knowledge.rcvs.org.uk/
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Canine Hydrotherapy Association: https://www.canine-hydrotherapy.org/
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Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Animal Therapy: https://www.acpat.org/
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Kamioka H, et al. "Effectiveness of aquatic exercise." Journal of Epidemiology, 2010
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British Veterinary Orthopaedic Association: https://www.bvoa.org.uk/
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Rychel JK. "Diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis." Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 2010
Always consult your vet when introducing new supplements.
Last Updated: December 2025
